The Negro Digs Up His Past Essay Example

The Negro Digs Up His Past Essay Freedom is a powerful word, embodying all of the yearnings of the human heart and soul, yet only those who have been deprived of freedom, and ultimately gained it through life-changing struggle, could ever fully realize its value.   The modern struggle for freedom is epitomized by the trials and tribulations of the African-American people as a whole.   Indeed, no better record of this struggle exists than the classic works of African-American literature, which stand as historic records, folklore, and a lasting lesson of both the exhilaration of freedom and the senseless human tragedy of slavery.   In this research, many of the pivotal works of African-American literature will be discussed in an effort to explore the compelling themes of slavery and freedom. African-American Literary Tradition, Slavery and Freedom When one takes a scholarly look at the African-American literary tradition, there is no truer statement than the finding that this literature not only existed because of the life-altering experiences of slavery and freedom losses but also in spite of it. Undoubtedly, slavery for the African-American, in addition to taking away all essences of freedom in any form, also created a new class of person- in becoming a slave, the African-American instantly became a member of a class which was seen as not only much less than human, but also irrelevant to the whole of â€Å"civilized society† beyond the value of the products of the labor that they produced as enslaved individuals (Favor).   This, basically considered as a loss of class freedom, inspired many of the literary figures of the time to put forth many volumes which dispelled the notion of class deprivation by showing that before their days of slavery, African- Americans already had a well-established culture, complete with religious traditions, folk songs, legends that were handed down from generation to generation and the like (Gates).   One of the major obstacles to overcome was the fact that this cultural tradition was largely an oral one, with the tales, songs and les sons being passed from person to person and generation to generation via the spoken word.   However, slavery changed all of that- when African-Americans were relegated to a farm of plantation for the balance of their lives, this isolation made it a distinct possibility that oral traditions could not be shared beyond the borders of the property upon which they were forced to work (Gates).   Therefore, a form of written history was born, whereby African-Americans were able to commit their recollections to paper- also, the birth of the African-American literary tradition. We will write a custom essay sample on The Negro Digs Up His Past specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Negro Digs Up His Past specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Negro Digs Up His Past specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Through the literary medium, a proud history was able to be shared, despite the restrictions that slaves faced on a daily, and in many cases lifelong basis.   This history was also, at this time however, being influenced by   current events.   The centerpiece of the foundations of African-American literature was the idea, pathetic as it may be, that for all of the praises of freedom, and the value that Americans placed on it, these same people were involved in the ownership of other human beings for their own gain.   In a sense, these people were given a high level of freedom at the expense of the freedom of an entire race of people (Prahlad). What remained to be done was for not only slavery to be erased from the American landscape, but also for freedom to be achieved for African-Americans once and for all.   However, in retrospect, this would prove to be easier said than done. Freedom Granted? Eventually, African-Americans were released from the bonds of slavery, but not until a bloody civil war was fought, nearly bringing the United States to destruction and dividing the young nation on the issue of slavery (Favor).   Although this was an important milestone in the advancement of African-Americans toward the ideal of equality, freedom, which is to say true freedom, still remained elusive.   In â€Å"The Souls of Black Folk†, W.E.B. Dubois made a very important point that draws an important distinction between the demise of slavery and the achievement of true freedom.   When slavery was taken away as a matter of federal mandate, the assertion that African-Americans were â€Å"free† was put on paper and glibly stated by government officials and the American majority, seemingly giving those who previously were guilty of keeping slaves a sort of absolution from the sins of the past.   However, this process of redemption was not fully complete in the true st sense of freedom, as the plague of racism soon took the place of slavery as a means of holding back African-Americans from the achievement of their full equality. Scholars Attempt to Right the Wrongs of the Past With the emergences of the ugliness of racism taking the place of slavery in America after the Civil War, a new obstacle to African-American freedom in its pure form began to take shape.   Therefore, it was clear that for African-Americans, something needed to be done in order to conquer racism and allow for freedom to ring at the same level of volume for all Americans, regardless of race.   One of the most formidable obstacles to this possibility was organized hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan, which gained large acceptance by white supremacists around the turn of the 20th century (Locke). Literature, it can fairly be said, came to the rescue of the oppressed African-Americans in some ways.   Through literature, it was realized that African-Americans had a proud tradition before slavery, and indeed, would be able to build a wonderful new future (Bowser).   How this future would unfold, however, would have to be pondered by other literary figures. Schomberg Links the Past and Present The past and the present of African-Americans, as research has indicated thus far, are unchangeably intertwined, for without the deprivations of earlier generations of African-Americans, the fire would not have been ignited to ultimately abolish the practice of slavery in the modern era.   This link of past and present, conversion of slavery to freedom, and the rebirth of the possibility of equal opportunity for African-Americans is embodied in the writings of one author above all others- Arthur A. Schomberg.   In his classic essay, â€Å"The Negro Digs Up His Past†, Schomberg lays out both the history of the practice of slavery which took every freedom away from the African-American, and the abolition of slavery which did not instantly restore completely equal opportunity and livelihood to former slaves, but rather, made it possible for these people to take the availability of freedom and mould it into a new beginning for an entire race of people. How Schomberg wrote his essay, which is to say the arguments that he makes within the text of the essay, logically constructs an explanation of not only what slavery’s demise does for the future of African-Americans, but also why the horrible past of those who had to live as slaves is extremely important, akin to those who cannot learn from history being doomed to repeat it.   First, Schomberg makes the assertion that while other groups of people have the luxury of being able to assimilate into a new life in the United States, regardless of their past, the African-American has no such luxury (Schomberg).   The reason for this, Schomberg goes on to explain, â€Å"For him (the freed slave), a group tradition must supply compensation for persecution, and pride of race the antidote for prejudice. History must restore what slavery took away, for it is the social damage of slavery that the present generations must repair and offset. So among the rising democratic millions we find the Negro thinking more collectively, more retrospectively than the rest, and apt out of the very pressure of the present to become the most enthusiastic antiquarian of them all† (Schomberg, p. 1). What is meant by this text is that African-Americans who underwent the oppression of slavery must always remember the journey of the struggle that led them to a nation without slavery where before it prospered.   By doing this, considering that Schomberg’s essay was written in the time that saw the generation that experienced slavery first hand standing at the threshold of passing to the next generation not only a relation of their experiences, but also a sense of tradition which says that the next generation inherits not only this history of those of their race who lived under, and then lived without slave status, but also the chance, and obligation, to move forward as keepers of the history of the past, but also as shapers and caretakers of the future. Schomberg does not simply make empty claims that African-Americans should strive to new levels of greatness and freedom simply because in the past they were not free.   Rather, he cites a history of the race which shows that slavery did not define the entire negro race, but was an injustice waged on a people who could count among themselves many outstanding individuals from many walks of life.   To quote Schomberg, he wrote this about the value of African-Americans beyond menial slave labor: â€Å"But weightier surely than evidence of individual talent and scholarship could ever be, is the evidence of important collaboration and significant pioneer initiative in social service and reform, in the efforts toward race emancipation, colonization and race betterment. From neglected and rust-spotted pages comes testimony to the black men and women who stood shoulder to shoulder in courage and zeal, and often on a parity of intelligence and public talent, with their notable white benefactors† (Schomberg, p.2). Finally, Schomberg makes it abundantly clear that African-Americans played a pivotal role in the effort to crush slavery and took up the fight for abolition, rather than simply being prisoners waiting for a merciful end to their bondage when slave owners simply felt that it was an admirable thing to cease the ownership, use and trade of African-American slaves.   By making this important point, Schomberg proves that not only are African-Americans worthy of equality and freedom, but also that they this worthiness came in large part due to their own perseverance and efforts to aid in the goal of their own freedom. Conclusion In recent times, the saying that â€Å"freedom isn’t free† has casually passed from the lips of those in favor of the war waged by the United States against terrorism and international crime.   What many of the people who use the slogan do not realize is that the concept of true freedom is in fact quite costly.   This has been illustrated in this research- by discussing the past trials and tribulations of African-Americans, including the humiliation and deprivation brought about by slavery, one very important point have been made.   That point is that freedom can be highly elusive, and even a promise of freedom means little without decisive action to make the freedom a reality.   With the help of the pioneers of African-American literature, who built upon the fascinating oral histories of their past, an entire race of oppressed people has been given a chance to be truly free.   While African-Americans still face racism and discrimination in many instances, the progress that has been made since the abolition of slavery is a tribute to the strength of the spirit and resolve of all people to enjoy real freedom.

Social Media Optimization Increase Traffic Visibility - CoSchedule

Social Media Optimization Increase Traffic Visibility Are you familiar with social media optimization? If so, are your social media profiles and strategy optimized to help your content  rank in search and drive traffic to your blog? Its okay if your answer is I dont know. We wanted to know more about social media optimization and so we rolled up our shirt sleeves (not literally) and dug into some deep research. In this post, well share what weve found, and how to put some of that information to use. How To Increase Visibility With #SocialMedia Optimization via @bensailer What Is Social Media Optimization? The answer to this question is a little more complex and less obvious than what we expected to find. Marketer Rohit Bhargava is credited with coining the term back in 2006. According  to Bhargava, we can define social media optimization (SMO) as: The concept behind SMO is simple: implement changes to optimize a site so that it is more easily linked to, more highly visible in social media searches on custom search engines (such as Technorati), and more frequently included in relevant posts on blogs, podcasts and vlogs. Using this definition, SMO is similar to search engine optimization, in the sense that your goal is to maximize visibility and traffic to your site or blog from social media.  That sounds straightforward enough, but we also need to keep in mind that this definition is nearly ten years old. If SMO is anything like SEO,  then we can expect that some of those tactics which were relevant a decade ago, may no longer be relevant today. Our questions led to more questions before we started to find some real answers. We'll dig into optimizing your social channels in a bit, but there's something else we need to touch on first. Recommended Reading The Simple 10-Step-Guide To Better Search Engine Ranking For Writers How To Write Headlines That Drive Traffics, Shares, And Search Results Why Is Social Media Optimization Important? You have a few social media channels set up for your blog or business. You're posting content on a consistent basis (and you might even be using to help manage that process). There's always more you can be doing to make sure you're earning as much visibility  on social media as possible (and we say that because  we can always do more). Like with all things social media, once you stop moving, you start to sink. You have to keep active. Always crossing your T's and dotting your I's every single step of the way. When you stop moving on #socialmedia you start to sink. Be consistent! #blogging More specifically, SMO is  important because: Your social media profiles can rank for branded search terms, helping you hog more search result space. Paying attention to all the small aspects of SMO can add up and make a big impact. If you're not following these best practices, you may actually be hurting your social media presence and losing out on valuable referral traffic little by little. Once you've read this post, you'll be prepared to tackle the following goals: Increase the visibility of your social media profiles in searches. Drive more traffic to your blog or website from your social media platforms. Most of these recommendations pertain to small changes you can make on your  blog, website, and social media profiles. The focus here is on technical mechanics, rather than on the art and craft of creating content. Now, let's get to work. How To Make Your Blog Or Website Social Media-Friendly The first place to start with social media optimization is directly on your blog and/or website. This entails that you have a handful of items in place to make sure your site or blog displays content attractively when shared on social media. You'll also want to make sure it's easy and intuitive for users to share your content as well. You'll want to make sure your site or blog displays content attractively and is easy to share on social media. Add Social Sharing Buttons To Your Site Blog Posts If your site or blog doesn't have them already, it might be time to add social sharing buttons. While there is some debate over  the best placement for social media buttons on blogs, or whether people actually use them, they do make it easier for users to share your content. Need a plugin to add social sharing buttons to your blog?   Monarch  (paid) Social Warfare  (paid) Shareaholic  (free) Add Linkable Content To Your Static Website Pages Blog posts are inherently shareable on social media. If you didn't think your post was worth sharing, you probably wouldn't have written it in the first place. Static website pages  are pages on your blog or website that are static (like an "About Us" or "service" page). It can be difficult to make static pages interesting enough for people to share. And that isn't because they aren't important. It's because, there typically isn't much on those pages that make folks want to like, share, tweet, or pin them. What's the solution then? The solution is to  add value to your static website pages with linkable content. That means adding valuable content that can easily  be linked in social media posts. This provides something of value that people are likely to share with their followers. What can you add to your static pages to draw social media attention: White papers or e-books Videos Infographics Contest signup forms Create content that adds value to a page and gives readers a reason to share it. You could even consider creating hub pages with a ton of downloadable content all in one place. Our own Resource Library is just one example of what this idea can look like in action. Recommended Reading:  21 Social Media Engagement Tactics That Will Grow Your Audience Add Buttons In Your Blog Posts Adding a click-to-tweet button in your blog posts can  help give your content an extra push on Twitter. Pro Tip:  Pull interesting quotes or statistics that readers will likely find interesting and put them in click-to-tweet boxes so your readers can share them quickly. ClickToTweet is a simple web service that lets you create click-to-tweet links that you can copy and paste into your posts. Alternately, you can also use the awesome  Click-To-Tweet WordPress plugin  built by our very own team at . Here's what they look like in action: Are you doing social media optimization the right way? Find out here. #SMOAdd Twitter Cards And Facebook Open Graph Markup To Your Website, Blog, And Blog Posts Adding Twitter Cards and Facebook Open Graph markup to your web pages and blog posts can help you control how they appear when they are shared by others online. What Are Twitter Cards? Twitter Cards are simply a few lines of HTML that allow you to specify photos, videos, and other media that appear  when a page is shared on Twitter. There are four different types of cards you can choose from: Summary Cards: These include a page title, description, image thumbnail, and an @ attribution to your Twitter account. Summary Card With Large Images: These are the same as Summary Cards, but with a bigger image. App Cards: These feature a direct download link for a mobile app. Player Cards: These include a media player for video or audio content. Here's an example of what a Summary Card with a large image  can look like: What Is Facebook Open Graph Markup? In short, Facebook open graph markup is code that is added to your blog or website to help control how pages and posts appear on Facebook when people share them. It lets you control the image, title, and description that appears when a URL is shared on the platform. How To Implement Twitter Cards Facebook Open Graph Data On Your Home Page Twitter Cards are easy to implement on WordPress sites using the Yoast SEO plugin. Follow these steps to set yours up: Install the Yoast plugin,  if you haven't already. Find Yoast SEO in the WordPress dashboard on the left-hand-side navigational bar. Scroll down to Social and then select Twitter. Here, you can add Twitter card data to your site. You can also set it up to use a Summary Card or the Summary Cards with Large Images in your default option. Now that you've enabled the Twitter Card functionality, you'll need to specify which data and images you want to appear. For this step, we'll need to open the Facebook tab and fill out the Open Graph data. This information will be used when your home page is shared on both Facebook and Twitter, so you're knocking out two birds with one stone here. How To Add Twitter Cards And Facebook Open Graph Data To Individual Blog Posts Yoast also allows you to add Twitter cards to individual blog posts. Just scroll to the bottom of your blog post in WordPress, find the Yoast box (it should be easy to spot), and then click the button shown below  to find social media options. You'll be brought to a screen where you can add or edit the Open Graph data for Facebook. You'll also be able to create a card for Twitter here. That's all it takes. Pro Tip: For additional assistance on how to implement Twitter cards in WordPress, please visit Twitter's official Twitter Card support documentation. You'll find information for other content management systems there as well. How To Optimize Your Social Media Channels For Maximum Visibility Now that we know what social media optimization is, and we understand why it's important, it's time to get down to brass tacks and start implementing some tactics and best practices. Let's get started with one social media platform (Facebook, Twitter, Google Plus, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Instagram, and Youtube) at a time. How To Optimize For Facebook Let's get your Facebook page looking its best. Even if you've already filled out your profile, there is always room for improvement. Optimize Your Cover Photo There's more to having a good cover photo than just slapping something in there with your logo. Make your cover image 851 pixels wide by 315 pixels tall. Choose an image that clearly communicates what your blog or brand is about. If you want potential followers to give their email address or to visit your promotion that's currently running, consider swapping out your cover photo to promote it. Include A Relevant Call-To-Action Button Facebook gives you seven different call-to-action button options  that you can use. These include: Book Now Contact Us Use App Play Game Shop Now Sign Up Watch Video Here's an example of what these call-to-action buttons can look like: See the signup button? It takes users straight to our homepage, where they can choose to sign up for a 14-day free trial with . (P.S. Do you see how we used the cover photo to point to the sign up button?) You could share a link to: An email signup form. A customer service page. An app download. E-commerce page, or anything else that may be applicable. To get the most from your cover photo: Use a visually appealing graphic with a snappy headline. Include a visual indicator pointing towards your CTA. Write a strong image description for your cover photo (If you'd like, you can even include another link there as well). Add A Comprehensive Bio Section To Help Your Profile Get Found Don't skimp on filling out your bio (or the rest of your profile). Be comprehensive and include as much information as you can to help your audience. Make sure your biography includes relevant keywords (much like you'd use to describe your business on your website, or your About page on your blog). Be descriptive and show your personality. Being thorough in completing your profile can help your Facebook company page rank in the search results. Make Sure Your URL And Contact Information Are Up-To-Date If you have a business with a physical location, make sure the address and phone number on your Facebook page match your website. Also  make sure your website or blog URL is correct. I know, these might really seem like minor details, but you'd be surprised how often these are omitted or left incorrect. Sometimes the devil is in the details and if you aren't careful those small things will group together into something larger. Are you including links in your #Facebook image captions? #bloggingInclude Links In Image Captions This is sometimes overlooked, but remember image captions  offer another place to add a link. It's a small detail, but it can help add a bit of traffic back to your blog or website. This goes for your cover photo too. Here's an example from our Facebook page (and in case you missed it, yes, we really did give pizzas away! :) Upload Video Directly To Facebook Video is growing in importance for content marketing, with YouTube dominating as the online video platform of choice. Facebook has  taken steps to be more competitive as a place to find prime video content. For this reason, Facebook prioritizes and favors video posted directly into Facebook, versus video shared from YouTube (or somewhere else). To get the most reach from your video content on Facebook: Try posting video files directly into Facebook. Even if you usually share videos on YouTube, you still can (and should) like usual, but consider sharing that same video directly to Facebook. Pro Tip: For tips on how to upload video, follow Facebook's official support documentation. Embed Video From Facebook Into Your WordPress Posts This is another great way to increase the  reach of your Facebook video content. For tips on how to embed Facebook video into WordPress, check out this video tutorial: Here's what an embedded video from Facebook could look like on your blog: //

Supply Chain Management Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Supply Chain Management Assignment - Essay Example 277, 303 units divided by the number of months. The ordering cost of producing each printer incurred by the company is stated to be $250. Based on the above data the carrying cost of each of the several units is assumed to be around $21. Moreover the lead time required to dispatch the products from the Vancouver centre to the European Distribution Centers is observed to be 35 days. Given the above conditions the economic order quantity that ought to be produced by the firm can be calculated as: Square Root of (2 * Average Demand* Cost of Order/ Cost of Carrying) or it arrives to under Square Root of (2* 23109* 250/21). Herein the Economic Order Quantity based on the above model turns out to be 742 units approx. The cost of production of each unit by the company is observed to be given as $250. Thus the yearly investment based on the economic quantity calculated comes to around $250 * 742 units i.e. $185,500 on an average. A.2. The calculation of economic order quantity would help the company in reducing the cost pertaining to the production of DeskJet printers through the management of the flow of raw materials. The calculation of economic order quantity would also help the management in reducing the level of distribution costs of the printer gadgets from Vancouver to the European Distribution Centers. ... Less amount of working capital would be expended or locked for the above reason and thus would help the company gain more profits. Further the problems relating to effective stock management in regards to the delivery of the same from the Vancouver center to the European distribution houses can be effectively managed in which the issues relating to piling up or shortage of stock in some quarters can be effectively addressed. Thus by depending on the above model of economic order quantity the company can both manage the level of inventory flow from Vancouver to the European distribution houses and also the cost factor related to such (Chase et. al, 684). A.3. The Company focuses on making the DeskJet printers more customized through the modification conducted in the technical aspects of the products to help intake lesser voltage. This process of customization is conducted in the several European distribution centers where separate installations are made inside the printer to help the local population gain advantage from spending less power on such products. The cost of power being saved would help to enhance the demand for the same in the local markets and thus would also help the company to gain large amount of business profits. Moreover the factor of consumer loyalty would also be enhanced based on the above reason wherein the consumers would aptly feel cared by the company in helping them reduce the costs related to power usage. Again Hewlett Packard also helps to enhance the process of customization or localization through the rendering of manuals pertaining to the use of the gadgets inside the packaging boxes. These manuals would be written specifically in local languages which would help the local people

Fetishism and the Surrealist Object Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Fetishism and the Surrealist Object - Essay Example The essay "Fetishism and the Surrealist Object" states Fetishism and Surrealism. Invoking ideas of personal sexual fantasies outsides the realm of polite society, fetishism primarily exists in the world behind the world, and its public expression in the form of art can be a brazen and shocking thing. Contemporary artists such as Mona Hatoum, Rebecca Horn and Nobuyoshi Araki have created significant art that falls into the space of fetishism. However, considering the concurrent societal norms, earlier, less accepting epochs demanding conformity have produced some of the most provocative pieces touching on this taboo, primarily the Surrealists. Indeed, few movements invoke the overall inner landscape of dreams, desires and unconscious more determinedly. Primarily functioning between the two world Wars, Surrealism was a movement motivated by the writings of Andre Breton and dedicated to exposing the desires of the subconscious and fighting the bourgeois society surrounding them in many different avenues of expression. In addition to writing, Surrealist artists utilized painting, collage, photography and sculpture to advance various Freudian driven concepts. Among these was the idea of the object. Although Breton had called for the creation of Surrealist objects earlier, it was only during the 1930’s did the debate and production of these objects truly gain momentum within the group. Distinct from the contemporary concept of sculpture, these homemade montages of distinct yet everyday elements. transferred these works from the utilitarian to the realm of dreams. In this manner, 'the object created therefore constitutes the intrusion into daily life of a desire that moulds and transforms matter according to its requirements, meticulously creating the synthesis of extreme intimacy and the outside world'.4 For this essay I have chosen two famous yet utterly distinct surrealist objects to demonstrate the breadth of fetishism in this movement. Although the "furry teacup" of Meret Oppenheim might seem completely unrelated to Hans Bellmer's notorious doll, they are both objects emerging from the Surrealist school that revolve around fetishism. Object (Le Djeuner en fourrure)5 Introduced to the Surrealist group when she was only eighteen, Meret Oppenheim began as a model for photographer Man Ray before embarking on her Oppenheim, Meret (1936). Object (Le Djeuner en fourrure). Fur-covered cup, saucer and spoon. 7.3 cm tall. On display at The Museum of Modern Art, New York. own artistic endeavours.6 Apparently, the concept for the work emerged from a conversation in a Parisian caf with Pablo Picasso and Dora Maar in 1936:7 he happened to be wearing one of the bracelets she had been making for Schiaparelli out of lengths of fur-lined, polished metal tubing. Talking and joking about the bracelet, Picasso quipped that one could actually cover anything with fur, to which Meret replied, "Even this cup and saucer" Shortly afterwards, When Andr Breton invited her to contribute to an Exhibition of Surrealist objects at the Galerie Charles Ratton, she recalled the conversation and, without further ado, bought a large cup and saucer with spoon at the Parisian department store, Uniprix, and lined the three objects with the fur of a Chinese gazelle. It was Andre Breton who named the work.8 Somehow, this simple concept erupted into the canons of twentieth century art, and what

Surrealism artistic movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Surrealism artistic movement - Essay Example The essay "Surrealism artistic movement" concerns the surrealism movement. The main political factor of the movement is the political situation after the war: political instability in France and other European countries. The main economic factor of surrealism development is the postwar economic crisis in Europe and world economic crisis after 1929. This situation led to the social factor of surrealism development: people’s uncertainty in present day and in future and their aspiration to escape from reality – surrealism gave people the possibility to open unreal and ideal world. There are many representatives of surrealism, but the most significant among them are Breton, Salvador Dali and Rene Magritte. Bretom was one of the founders of the movement. He, â€Å"as the leader of the Surrealist movement, not only published its most thorough explanations of its techniques, aims and ideas, but was the individual who drew in, and expelled, writers, artists and thinkers† . In his writings (Second Surrealist Manifesto, Nadja, Mad Love, etc.) he explained his ideas and thoughts. In 1927 he joined the Communist Party. Salvador Dali was a famous Spanish painter. His father was a notary. In 1929 Dali joined the Surrealist group in Paris. He was an author of more than 1500 paintings. Rene Magritte. His career as a Surrealist began in 1926 when â€Å"Magritte produced his first surrealist painting, Le jockey perdu, and held his first exhibition in Brussels in 1927†. Then he moved to Paris and joined the surrealistic group.

Pulmonary Edema Disease

Pulmonary Edema Disease Results and symptoms of pulmonary edema: Pulmonary edema occurs due to excessive accumulation of fluids and foam into the alveoli of the lungs when the pulmonary blood vessels are engorged. It can often be associated with congestive heart failure. It begins primarily with the building up of fluids in the microscopic alveoli of the lungs causing poor respiratory exchange resulting in Dyspnea with noisy and labored respirations. Rales which are powdery or gravelly sounds can be heard with stethoscope and some patients even cough up blood-tinged sputum. It occurs when the heart becomes damaged or weakened; as a result unable to pump blood to all the parts of the body, typically beginning with the left heart failure as a consequence of the damaged left ventricle which leads to backing up of the blood first in the pulmonary vessels and finally in systemic vessels. As a consequence blood fluids are forced into the body tissues due to increased pressure in the vessels causing a swelling known as edema. If it occurs in the alveoli of the lungs it is termed as pulmonary edema. Finally it can lead to congestive heart failure. Shortness of breath; Difficulty in breathing: Diseases like pulmonary edema leads to shortness of breath or difficulty in breathing which is known as Dyspnea which occurs due to poor respiratory exchange in the lungs. It causes labored and noisy respirations often associated with powdery or gravely sounds known as rales when checked with the stethoscope. Dyspnea is not a primary illness but a condition brought about by a number of medical, traumatic and environmental causes. It can be related to Lung diseases, heart conditions, allergic reactions, CO poisoning, etc. In most cases it occurs when a disease has caused some kind of direct interference with either the flow of air into and out of the lungs or with the exchange of gases within the lungs. In typical dyspnea, as in the case of asthma the problem causing interference originates in the lungs itself. Dyspnea can be classified into acute dyspnea with sudden onset can be caused by anaphylactic shock, cardiac arrhythmias trauma, etc. and chronic dyspnea which can be caused by Asthma, Bronchitis, COPD, Neuromuscular disorders, etc. Air hunger or feeling of drowning, Grunting of gurgling sounds with breathing, Wheezing As a sign of congestive heart failure the patient would wish to remain in a seated or semi-reclined position which allows less labored respiration. The patient should be kept calm to conserve body heat. These oxygen hungry patients will accept oxygen therapy without difficulty. In severe lung diseases like an Asthma attack, the small bronchioles becomes narrower due to the contraction of the smooth muscles that make up the airway apart from the overproduction of thick mucus leading to the restriction of airflow. The airflow is restricted in mainly in one direction such as, during inhalation, the expansion of lungs exerts an outward force resulting in the increase in the diameter of the airway, allowing air to flow into the lungs. During exhalation the opposite occurs resulting in the trapping of the stale air into the lungs which requires forceful exhalation of air by the patient, producing the characteristic wheezing sound associated with asthma. Wheezing sounds are whistling or musical sounds that can be heard without a stethoscope. Gurgling is caused often due to a foreign object, or blood and other fluids in the trachea. It is believed that cardiac murmurs are associated with the possibility of heart failure which is not correct as in about 50 % of the heart failure cases there is no murmur observed. Still a cardiologist should take note seriously if any murmur is present in the patient. In the diagnosis of heart failure Gallop rhythm (one can imagine the sounds of hooves of horse smoothly running at full speed) is very typical and significant. SOB with lying down, you may need to sleep with you head propped: The affects of the body position of a person sometimes gives an idea about the underlying disorder causing dyspnea. For example in platypnea, that is dyspnea while sitting gives indications of a liver disease. The worse type of Dyspnea is when the patient is lying down and suffering from shortness of breath, which is associated with heart disease or paralysis of the diaphragm. It is called as orthopnea. Another type of dyspnea is PND (Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea) which occurs during sleep forcing the patient to wake up gasping for breath; usually relieving the patient if he / she sit up or stands. It may indicate the dysfunctioning of the left ventricle of the heart, narrowing of the mitral valve or hypertension. If a patient is suffering from orthopnea he sleeps with the head propped up. Cough: It is an annoying symptom which can occur as a result of many causes such as pulmonary edema, tuberculosis, Bronchitis, Asthma, etc. Anxiety: Factors like excessive worry, nervousness, instability, nausea, etc. are the major symptoms of anxiety. Restlessness: It can be caused by a number of factors such as anxiety, nervousness, insomnia, hyperactivity, etc. Excessive sweating: Sweating is due to the presence of sweat glands under our skin, which is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system of our body and whenever our body temperature rises sweating is stimulated. Thus, it controls the body temperature. Emotional stress also stimulates sweating. Palor or pale coloration or cyanosis of the parts will also take place during any respiratory or cardiac attack. Sympathetic over stimulation leads to symptoms like palor, sweating, and tachycardia during heart failure. Additional symptoms with progression of the disease: Nasal flaring: It is an indication of breathing difficulty caused by the enlargement of the nostril opening during breathing; as a result the total airway resistance is reduced. Inability to speak: The patient may not be able to speak due to pulmonary obstruction or cardiac failure. Decrease in levels of awareness: the level of awareness or consciousness of the patient will also go down during any respiratory or cardiac attack.

The Impact of the Use of Proportional Systems in the UK :: Papers Government Voting

The Impact of the Use of Proportional Systems in the UK There are three main proportional representation systems that have been developed that try to ensure that party’s seats are earned more proportionally. The use of the Single Transferable Vote, List and Additional Member systems has changed UK politics, effecting representation, governance, policy and parties alike. The Single Transferable Vote system, which is very complex, is used in Northern Ireland for all but the UK election. It has helped widen representation and improve democracy. It has long worked with on the whole beneficial results in the Republic of Ireland (as we have seen), a country which had previously shared at least a part of the British parliamentary tradition. The Additional Members System (AMS) came about in 1998 as so did the Scottish Parliament due to the 1998 referendum which led to the Devolution Act. In 1999 and 2003 the conservatives received 18 seats through the List vote under AMS, giving them a much fairer representation of their support nationally in Scotland. The AMS in the welsh assembly has enabled more choice and consequently 50% of the welsh assembly’s members are female, the first democratically elected legislature to be able to say that. These results in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales have reduced the probability of a single party gaining complete control of the legislative organizations which use these proportionally representative systems, therefore avoiding the single party dominance or even electoral dictatorship linked with first past the post system. Labour won 28 seats in the Welsh assembly in 1999, 3 short of an overall majority, meaning they had to form a coalition government with the Lib Dems, much to the Lib Dems satisfaction, as they support AMS for this very reason – it means a much less dominant party and so a government for the people and not the party. In Scotland a very similar case occurred with again falling short of a majority and again forming a coalition government with the lid Dems. The use of AMS & the resultant coalitions in Scotland & in Wales